This seminar examines how ideas about race and ethnicity took shape in the 19th-c. U.S. It integrates African-American histories of slavery, emancipation, citizenship, and urban migration; the Native American experience of territorial conquest and cultural resistance; and waves of immigration from Europe, Asia, Mexico, and the Caribbean.

If the dissertation is not defended after the completion of the allotted dissertation credits and the student has exhausted the 48-credit program of study, the student will be required to register for 1 credit per semester of Dissertation Extension for each semester of continuation. This fee is beyond the 48 credits assigned to the PhD program. Such students will register for CNBH 699-Dissertation Extension each semester until the dissertation is successfully defended and following time limits as defined in the HPED Handbook.